Business and Corporations Law Good Faith in Contract

Question: Talk about the Business and Corporations Law for Good Faith in Contract. Answer: Which means of thought A thought is the value which is specified by a promisor in return of his promise.A contract is viewed as substantial just when there is a legitimate thought in the agreement (Johnstone2013). On account of Dunlop Pneumatic Tire Co Ltd v Selfridge Co Ltd, Lord Dunedin characterized thought as follows: A demonstration or abstinence of one gathering, or the guarantee thereof, is the cost for which the guarantee of the other is purchased, and the guarantee thusgiven for esteem is enforceable. (Turner2014). A guarantee which needs thought isn't considered as a substantial promise.4Thus, thought is fundamental to an understanding and an understanding without a thought is void.However, in specific conditions, an agreement might be viewed as legitimate even without an appropriate thought. Such subtleties need not be expressed here in this current task (Taskar 2015). 1 an) In the moment case, Jack has acknowledged to purchase a Lotus Super 7 games vehicle from Jane.The understanding has anyway been gone into with no thought. Case law: Milroy versus Lord For this situation, Mr Medley has executed a deed for moving certain bank partakes for a trust.However, there was no thought referenced in the deed and the name of the trust had likewise been enrolled in the register of the bank.4Mr Medley passed on afterwards.The individual delegate of Mr Medley contended that the deed couldn't be upheld in light of the fact that it did not have an appropriate consideration.According to him, the exchange was an uncompleted blessing and accordingly the equivalent ought not be permitted to be authorized. The dispute of the individual agent of Mr Medley was acknowledged in the Court and it was held that the deed was void because of absence of appropriate thought (Siu2015). In this way, a guarantee with an expectation to do a needless demonstration was can't be authorized in a Court of law (Hoand Lee2013) In the moment case additionally, the understanding among Jane and Jack for the offer of the vehicle comes up short on a legitimate thought. However, there has been an offer and acknowledgment in the moment case, yet the understanding can't be authorized because of need of an appropriate consideration.4It implies if Jane denies to offer the vehicle to Jack in future, Jack will have no lawful option to move the Court and uphold the understanding. Hence, in the current case, the understanding doesn't tie the gatherings legitimately. b) In the moment case Jack has acknowledged an offer made by Jane for the offer of her Lotus Super 7 games vehicle. The sum for which the vehicle is implied to be sold is $25000. The inquiry to be resolved for the situation is whether the measure of $25,000 is a decent thought and whether it ties the gatherings legitimately. It is basic to investigate the nature and prerequisite of thought to decide if the thought is a decent thought or not. Presently, thought might be anything specified by the promisor.7Consideration could possibly be in a money related form.4It may likewise be as a demonstration done by the promisee or as a forbearance with respect to the promisee.1As for instance, a thought which requires a promisee to stop going to night clubs will be viewed as a decent consideration.This is a model where a promisee is required to swear off accomplishing something. Also a thought which requires a promisee to concentrate each Sunday evening will be viewed as a decent thought. This is a model where the promisee is required to do a go about as a thought for the guarantee (Hoand Lee2013) For the situation of Dunton versus Dunton, it was held that surrendering an opportunity would comprise great thought (McKendrick2014). On account of Wigan versus Edwards, it was held that surrendering a legitimate right would establish great thought (Carter 2014) For the situation of Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co, a carbolic smoke ball was delivered by the organization to keep people from contracting ailments like flu. The organization reported that it would give a measure of 100 pounds to any individual who gets influenza considerably in the wake of utilizing the smoke ball. Mrs Carill utilized such ball created by the organization as per the bearing given by the organization yet at the same time got influenza (Mahdi et al., 2013). It was held that the burden endured by Mrs Carill in utilizing the smoke ball was a decent thought and subsequently the organization was at risk to pay the compensation to Mrs Carill (Strong2014). In the moment case, the thought specified by Jane for the offer of her vehicle is $25000.8The showcase estimation of the vehicle is likewise $25000.3It implies that Jane would get a similar sum on the off chance that she decides to offer the vehicle to any other person other than Jack.Thus, the thought fixed under the agreement in the moment case is in term of cash and has been specified by the merchant. Such sum has likewise been consented to be paid by the buyer. Henceforth, it will be viewed as acceptable thought and the gatherings will be legitimately limited by the provisions of the agreement. In this manner, jack has a legitimate option to authorize the agreement if Jane will not offer the vehicle to him in future. 1c) In the moment case, Jack has acknowledged an offer made by Jane for selling her Lotus Super 7 games car.The thought sum fixed by Jane for the offer of the vehicle is $2500.The case includes the assurance of the inquiry whether the thought of $2500 is legitimate to tie the gatherings lawfully into the agreement. Presently, an understanding so as to be a decent thought should be sure and not deceptive. Case law: Biotechnology Australia Pty Ltd v Pace For this situation, Pace went into a business contract with Biotechnology. Under the particulars of the work contract, Jane was permitted to take an interest in the value sharing plan of the ranking staff of the company.However, no such plan was in presence when the agreement hosts been gone into between the gatherings (Goldberger2012). It was held that the thought specified in the agreement was deceptive and dubious and accordingly the understanding was not permitted to be authorized (Carter2013). 1A thought need not be satisfactory so as to be a decent consideration.A thought might be of negligible worth and still it might tie the gatherings in a lawful understanding. On account of Mountford versus Scott, a thought measure of 1for the acquisition of a land was viewed as a decent thought and the understanding was viewed as a legitimate understanding (Furmston et al. 2012). Validating an agreement with an insignificant thought is to offer opportunity to the gatherings to decide the estimation of consideration.1It is definitely not a necessary that the thought ought to be fixed by the market estimation of the item (Hillman2012). In situations where the thought is deficient or inadequate, the factor which the Court may think about is whether the gatherings were in a similar haggling position when the agreement has been gone into. On the off chance that the Court discovers that there has been an unconscionable deal in an agreement, the Court may put aside such agreement. In the moment case, the thought is simply $2500 where as the market estimation of the vehicle is $25000.3The thought has been specified by the vender and it has been intentionally acknowledged by the buyer.None of the gatherings has applied weight or impact on the other to acknowledge the conditions of the understanding. Deliberate assent hosts been given by both the gatherings and subsequently the understanding will be legitimate and the gatherings will be lawfully limited by the conditions of the understanding. In the moment case, North Ocean Tankers went into an agreement with a shipbuilder, who was required to build a tanker.A contract concurrence with a third has just been gone into by North Ocean Tankers and consequently the big hauler should be conveyed on schedule. The thought sum fixed for the work is in US $.The contract didn't accommodate any vacillation in the cash. The development work was begun by the shipbuilder and as it was being built, abruptly a downgrading of US $ by 10% occurred. The shipbuilder requested an additional measure of US $3 million for fruition of the work.The request of the shipbuilder was acknowledged by the North Ocean Tankers hesitantly under dissent as there was no other alternative left for the North Ocean Tankers. The North Ocean Tanker tries to recoup the abundance sum paid nine months after the conveyance of the big hauler. The realities of the moment case is fairly like that of North Ocean Shipping Co Ltd. vs.Hyundai Construction Co and another.In this case likewise an understanding was gone into between Hyundai another (respondents) and North Ocean Shipping Co Ltd (offended parties) for the development of a tanker.10The litigants were required to build a big hauler under the agreement.3The thought fixed under the agreement was in US $ and it was to be paid in five instalments.The respondents opened a letter of credit to make sure about the installment of the portions in the event of any default.1As soon as the primary portion was paid, the US $ was degraded by 10%.A danger was given by the litigants that they would keep away from proceeding with the work if their interest isn't satisfied. In the interim, a favorable understanding had been gone into by the offended parties for contracting the big hauler. The interest was acknowledged by the offended parties and the litigants were mentioned to build the letter of credit. The offended parties brought an activity against the litigants for the recuperation of the abundance sum paid eight months after the conveyance of the big hauler (Burrows2015). The offended parties contended in the Court that the understanding ought to be pronounced void on the ground that the understanding did not have a legitimate thought or the understanding ought to be proclaimed voidable on the ground that the understanding has been gone into during monetary coercion (O'Sullivanand Hilliard2016). The primary conflict of the offended party was dismissed by the

Healthcare Business Organization Paper

Business Organization Paper Healthcare has definitely changed throughout the years in the United States. As our populace is developing in size, a deficiency of the quantity of social insurance experts is additionally developing. Business visionaries have incredibly profited the universe of social insurance by helping with making more employments, delivering items and administrations to help and meet the developing needs of the populace, and beginning new business associations to address the issues of today’s economy. There are various types of associations and picking the right one is significant, as it will influence the achievement or disappointment of the business. Characterize the Different Forms of Business Organizations Sole ownerships are an exclusively possessed business where the individual is qualified for the entirety of the benefits and furthermore liable for the entirety of its obligations, liabilities, charges, and claims that might be made toward the association. Associations are organizations begun by at least 2 people. In this type of business every individual is similarly liable for the liabilities, the board, just as qualified for a segment of the benefits. With the diverse information and aptitudes every part brings to the business will build the opportunity of accomplishment. Organizations are made by law and possessed by investors. As opposed to real property, the proprietors own stock or intrigue. Through selling stock the partnership can raise the capital o help with setting up business and increment monetary profit. As indicated by SCORE Associations (2003), restricted risk organizations are a â€Å"new and adaptable business association of at least one proprietors that offers the benefits of obligation assurance with the straightforwardness of an association, I. e. accomplices are not obligated for business debts† (Para. 3). Clarify the Advantages of Each Form of Business Organization Sole ownerships are the most straightforward to oversee because of the idea of the business and it is additionally simple to close if necessary. Association business’s advantage by having shared obligation in dealing with the association and raising assets would be simpler with various accomplices in the business. In enterprises, as indicated by Naol (2011), the investors â€Å"can just be considered responsible for their interest in supply of the company† (Para. 6). Anyway when obligation raises it very well may be paid through the deals of stock. A few favorable circumstances related with constrained risk organizations incorporate leasers can not seize the owner’s individual property, there is no twofold tax assessment, and medical coverage can be deducted from the personal expense. Clarify the Disadvantages of Each Form of Business Organization Sole ownerships place the proprietor in danger if obligations exceed the benefits because of individual property being in danger as a result of the proprietor being answerable for all obligation and liabilities. This type of business may battle with the kind of representatives it attracts because of individual finances expected to begin the business. In the event that the proprietor isn't accessible to maintain the business it is at high danger of coming up short. In an association business in light of the fact that every proprietor is similarly responsible for the liabilities every part will be considered answerable for any negative activities by another accomplice. On account of decent variety individuals may run into conflicts with the administration or costs of the business. As indicated by Business Finance (2011), â€Å"The procedure of consolidation requires additional time and cash than different types of organization† (Para. 3). Charges might be higher for a partnership, and there are increasingly exacting guidelines to follow. An organization may likewise be sued. A few detriments of a restricted obligation organization are that proprietors are not permitted to have a pay and they should cover independent work charges. Characterize the Appropriate Form of Ownership for an Aggressive Entrepreneurial Firm According to Pullman (2011), the most fitting type of proprietorship for a forceful pioneering firm would be a constrained obligation business. A business person who is eager to face challenges during the time spent being forceful would even hazard individual riches and property, which would prompt more noteworthy accomplishment than business visionaries who were not as ready to face such challenges. End The principle center behind promoting and medicinal services is business development and monetary profit, and the type of business utilized assumes a basic job in the achievement or disappointment of the business. Through information on the different types of business and their preferences and detriments will prompt the business person having the option to settle on an educated decision regarding which business structure will best address their issues to deliver a fruitful endeavor. References Business Finance. (2011). Kinds of Business Organizations †Corporations. Recovered November 19, 2011, from http://www. businessfinance. om/books/startabusiness/StartABusinessWorkbook012. htm Naol, M. , A. (2011), Forming a Texas business partnership. Recovered November 19, 2011, from http://www. nacollawfirmblog. com/business-exchanges/framing a-texas-business-partnership Pullman, J. (2011). How you structure another enterprising business matters. Recovered November 19, 2011, from http ://www. streetarticles. com/entrepreneurialism/how-you-structure another enterprising business-matters SCORE Association. (2003). Regular types of business association. Recovered November 19, 2011, from http://www. tulsascore. organization/association. html

5+ Audiobooks to Listen to When You Have a Migraine

5+ Audiobooks to Listen to When You Have a Migraine I’ve never been an audiobook person. When I read, I prefer reading with my eyes, and if I want something to listen to while driving or performing other tasks, I always rely on podcasts. But a recent killer migraine led me to finally discover a circumstance in which audiobooks could be the perfect thing to turn to. Migraines can be very different for different people, and likewise, the way we deal with them can also vary greatly. For me, they are completely incapacitating, and all I can do is lie down in a dark room until it’s over. Silence, though, is really unpleasant when your brain is trying to kill you from the inside, so I always need something to listen to as a calming distraction. My migraines usually last at least four hours, which means I need something that long enough so I’m not left miserably scrambling for something else to turn on. I can’t rely on music to not contain the types of sounds that trigger more pain and discomfort, and my most recent experience revealed that having a long queue of random podcasts can also lead to this same problem. This is where audiobooks come in. They’re very much longform, so there’s hardly any risk of running out of stuff to listen to. And it’s often just one person reading, which means less danger of unpleasant sound variation. I decided to browse through the audio versions of books I’ve read before as well as some of those in my TBR, and searched for titles that followed a couple simple criteria. First, a soothing voice, and second, subject matter that is not too complicated as to require one’s full attention just to follow along. Based on my search, here is a small selection of titles that I plan to have queued up  for the next time a nasty migraine hits. All Creatures Great and Small by James Herriot, narrated by Christopher Timothy This was the first thing I looked up, not just because I loved James Herriot as a kid, but  because I also remembered one of my former roommates telling me she would listen to this regularly to fall asleep at night. And lo and behold, it fit my criteria just right! Christopher Timothy’s low, gravelly voice (the British accent doesn’t hurt either) paired with Herriot’s heartwarming account of his experiences as a veterinarian visiting the people and animals of the idyllic English countryside make for a perfect migraine fix. Lab Girl written and narrated by Hope Jahren Memoir is the main genre I began to explore in my search for good audiobooks for migraines because it’s pretty much just a much longer version of the types of podcasts I like to listen to in these situations. One person being themselves and telling their own story, without any weird dramatization  or acting (like using different voices for character dialogue). I found that Hope Jahren’s voice is calm, steady, and extremely pleasant to listen to, and since this bestseller has been on my TBR for the past year, it’s getting a fast track into my listening queue. The No. 1 Ladies’ Detective Agency by Alexander McCall Smith, narrated by Lisette Lecat I’ve been reading this series since I was in middle school and each new installment is like coming back to a place that’s familiar and nostalgic, even though the story is set across the world from me. The series follows Precious Ramotswe, a smart and cheerful woman in Botswana who starts her own detective agency. Although it can be classified as a mystery, the books are completely charming and light-hearted, and with the relaxing tempo of Lisette Lecat’s narration, it would be a lovely migraine-day companion. Milk and Honey written and narrated by Rupi Kaur Since it’s a poetry collection, Milk and Honey only comes out to be just over an hour long in audio format, but Rupi Kaur’s voice was too wonderful to ignore. She reads each line with intent and lingers on the end of each word, creating a purposeful but soft rhythm that is absolutely beautiful and lulling. Maybe I’ll just have to find out a way to put audiobooks on repeat so I can get her for the full four hours. Me Talk Pretty One Day written and narrated by David Sedaris David Sedaris  is the author I automatically turn to for laughs or if I need cheering up, so my favorite of his essay collections is the perfect way to cap off this list. His blunt humor never fails to make me smile (or laugh out loud in public, no shame), and his matter-of-fact delivery makes for a tone of voice that’s easy on my ears. Whatever the hell you want When it comes to surviving migraines, we all have our own strategies and preferences. I cannot guarantee that what I have listed above will be completely compatible to you and your migraines, but hopefully, they’re a good place to start. And if you have a go-to book for whenever you’re sick or feeling down, the comfort of a familiar story can be a great retreat as well. So get browsing, find some audiobooks to arm yourself with, and share some of your own picks in the comments! Sign up for Audiobooks to receive the latest from the audiobooks world. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

Marilyn Monroe Changing History - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1087 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/08/16 Category People Essay Level High school Tags: Marilyn Monroe Essay Did you like this example? Marilyn Monroe and Her Effect on American History To all the girls that think youre fat because youre not a size zero, youre the beautiful one, its society whos ugly. (Goodhousekeeping) Marilyn Monroe insists that every girl is beautiful no matter what their size is. She made a positive outlook on so many peoples lives. Marilyn Monroe was a strong womens right activist in a time women had little to no rights. She was also the first women to get a scripts and director approval in her films. Marilyns Biography   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Marilyn Monroe was born June 1, 1926 in Los Angeles, California, USA. Her birth name was Norma Jeane Mortenson. She was an American actress, comedienne, singer, and model. Marilyn became one of the worlds biggest iconic figures and was remembered for her beloved and embodiment of the Hollywood sex symbol and her personal and professional complications within the film industry. Her childhood was very hard because she did not have a father and her mother had a turbulent mental state and struggles to cope with taking care of her children. For the first six years Marilyn lived with her foster parents Albert and Ida Bolender in the town of Hawthorne, California. Her mother Gladys tried to take back Marilyn, but she suffered a mental break down and Marilyn was moved from foster home to foster home which made her shy and bottled up. She passed away August 5, 1962 in Los Angeles California, USA from a drug overdose. (imdb) Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Marilyn Monroe: Changing History" essay for you Create order Body Confidence   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Marilyn Monroe seemed to be very confident with her body, but behind the scenes she is not self confident. She spent most of her life with a low self-esteem and a range of mental health issues, which is caused by her tough childhood. Instead of learning from her bad past, the world glorified her sadness, which turned her sadness into an amazing icon of glamour and misery. Womens rights activist   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Marilyn Monroe is a protofeminist. A proto-feminist is a person who anticipated feminism by living before the term was coined. Feminism is the belief in the social, political, and economic equality of the sexes. Feminist activism is the struggle for that equality. Monroe is a fighter, unwilling to back down, and she carves an identity for herself in a male-dominated Hollywood. She believes every women should have their own rights and freedom. Marilyn taught us about how to be a leader, speak out, intersectional feminism starts with advocating for equal. Since Marilyn was such a complex character, she found herself stuck in the middle of two different types of women: those who were disgusted or intimidated by her, and those who loved her body and look just the way she was. In 1959 Marilyn shared her views on the subject: Id like to be known as a real actress and human being, she said, but listen, theres nothing wrong with glamour either. I think everything adds up. Ill never knock glamour. But I want to be in the kind of pictures where I can develop, not just wear tights. (LAMAG) Legacy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Marilyn changed the american history is so many different ways. She was the most beautiful women that had ever lived. The first legacy she carried through was being the first real women to support short bleach-blond hair, shorter clothing, and to just show the real you by being who you are and also still being polite and proper. The second legacy she carried was her own production company. She was the first woman in history to own their own production company. Marilyn Monroe Productions. (Marilynmonroesj) Her clothing line was established with 101 shares of stock. Her role was to star in films that were selected by the company. Marilyns production company made her extremely successful. Marilyn had left more that just a legacy with this production. She proved to people who did not believe she was a hard worker, that she in fact was. The third legacy Marilyn carried through was changing the life of a black woman. In the 1960s racism was a very big issue and that was also when Marilyn Monroe was known. Ella Fitzgerald was a famous jazz singer. Her voice is recognized by millions around the world, also had a big impact on the world of arts and music. Very few people know about her friendship with Marilyn though. Just like every other black musician who was raised in that period, faced a lot of adversity because of her race. She couldnt go into just any hotel, or bathroom, and not just sit on any bus like other blacks. Until one night Marilyn changed it all for the better. In the 50s Ella always want to play at the new popular spot called Mocambo, but she was black so she was not allowed. They did want Marilyn Monroe to play though. When Marilyn heard of this she called the owner of the venue and that changed her career. She demanded they let Ella perform and Marilyn could sit in the front row if they did and she also said she would give the venue a bad review if they did not. As of then they let Ella in and from there on Marilyn left a legacy through helping one of the best jazz singers in history to even get noticed. Ella said these exact words after Marilyn changed her life,   I owe Marilyn Monroe a real debt  Ã‚   she personally called the owner of Mocambo, and told him she wanted me booked immediately, and if he would do it, she would take a front table every night. She told him and it was true, due to Marilyns superstar status that the press would go wild. The owner said yes, and Marilyn was there, front table, every night. The press went overboard. After that, I never had to play a small jazz club again. She was an unusual women a little ahead of her times. And she didnt know it. (Ella Fitzgerald) Works Cited Social Affect. How Marilyn Monroe Affected History, mariylnmonroenhd.weebly.com/social-affect.html. How Did Marilyn Monroe Change the World? Immortal Marilyn, 10 Aug. 2015, dna. (2018). Marilyn Monroe: A bombshell, a feminist. [online] Available at: https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-marilyn-monroe-a-bombshell-a-feminist-1763110 [Accessed 17 Dec. 2018]. Michelle Morgan. Was Marilyn Monroe a Feminist. Los Angeles. 2018. April 3, 2018 Wikimedia Foundation. The legacy left by Marilyn. Web. May 10, 2015. Elizabeth Blair. Monroes Legacy Is Making Fortune, But For Whom. 2012. Web. August 3, 2012. Pettinger, Trejvan. Biography of Marilyn Monroe. 2009. Web. December 1, 2009. 10 Interesting facts about Marilyn Monroe you probably didnt know about. 2014. Web. June 8, 2014.

Strategic Choice Theory - 1554 Words

Strategic Choice Theory Article Review and Essay Zhaoling Zhu AD655 International Business, Economics and Cultures Instructor: Dr. Jung Wan Lee 02/29/2012 Introduction Strategies are specific rules or actions for choosing actions in a contradictory situation; for some strategies are the long-term or high-level planning. The essential of a firm or a government’s strategy is to make the right choice. They cannot afford to try all the strategies with their limited resources and abilities. The Strategic Choice Theory was first proposed by Kochan (Kochan, et.al, 1984) and his colleagues in the mid 1980s attempting to explain the transformation of the U.S. industrial relations when all other contemporary†¦show more content†¦Work place: individuals and groups | Contractual or bureaucratic; and individual employee/workgroup participation | Policies on employee participation; introduction of new technology, work organization design | Regulations of worker rights and/or employee participation | Cases Some cases have been conducted to provide the rationally of the Strategic Choice Theory. A issue of Strategic choices for renewable energy investment in the field of energy policy has been studied in 2010 by Rolf Wustenhagen and Emanuela Menichetti (2012). They based on the analyses of current status of renewable energy investment, the feature investment in the carbon-constrained field and the linking renewable energy investment and energy policy to analyze the risk, return and policy of renewable energy investments, the situation of portfolio aspects, the role of various investor , segmented policies, cognition, risk perceptions and bounded rationality such a differentiated picture of renewable energy policy and investment to find out the rational and behavioral aspects. According to their researchï ¼Å' they suggested that the effective policy mix is based on a thorough understanding of investor realities, including cognitive factors and includes segmentation. The contributions in this particular issue of Energy Policy state that the topic of strategic choices for the energy investment is highly relevant and worth studying. It also explain the process of government make policies though theShow MoreRelatedAnti / Area Denial Assets2094 Words   |  9 Pagescollection efforts with focus on developing intelligence networks again to advance US foreign policy . In order to answer this question, there are three analytical approaches that can be used: content analysis, comparative analysis, and rational choice theory. While normally used for social science purposes, these approaches can minimalize bias from analysts by identifying cultural norms outside of their society, and produce more accurate intelligence products. The first approach, content analysis,Read MoreEvaluating The Resource Based View During The Location Selection Process1169 Words   |  5 Pagesview during the location selection process. A resource-based view suggests that resource accumulation and selection are a function of external strategic and within-firm decision-making factors (Feldman, 2004). 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Ordeshook, â€Å"four books mark the beginning of modern political theory: Anthony Downs’s An Economic Theory of Democracy (1957), Duncan Black’s Theory of Committees and Elections (1958), William H. Riker’s A Theory of Political Coalitions (1962), and James Buchanan and Gordon Tullock’s The Calculus of Consent (1962). These volumes, along with KennethRead MoreFactors Affecting Rational Choice2729 Words   |  11 PagesFactors Affecting Rational Choice Most consumer behavior analyses and programs seek to dig out consumers’ needs and wants, which direct their purchasing and decision behaviors. Consumer behavior and choice are complex, inherently dynamic and potentially affected by a number of factors. According to this, it seems that the rational choice theory should make some adjustments to be adopted to this increasingly more dynamic reality and marketing environment and thus set a realistic and stable base forRead MoreWar in the Nuclear Era2489 Words   |  10 Pagespolitical system. The rational theory provides a better alternative. In this paper, the rational theory of war will unfold by beginning with an understanding of states, consistent with the realist’s perspective and the expected utility theory, to be maximizing utility. This perspective will then be confronted with three different characteristics of the system, leading to a theory of states’ rationality in the form of strategic interaction. According to this theory, the reason for the reduction inRead MoreThe On Corporate Responsibility Final Paper2136 Words   |  9 Pagesthe greatest good of options and choices that create a net happiness for society. Ethics was seen based on the history of choices ad rules established in a political or social arena that produced good or alleviated social pain. Once such is example is our human thought of bribing. In most cases this would be viewed as unethical. But utilitarian’s believe that if the bride would produce a greater good or more h appiness though bribing an official than the choice was good because it provided a net

The Return Midnight Chapter 26 Free Essays

â€Å"Now you know how it’s done?†Elena asked Meredith. â€Å"You put the key in the keyhole and say where you want to go. Then open the door and go through. We will write a custom essay sample on The Return: Midnight Chapter 26 or any similar topic only for you Order Now That’s it.† â€Å"You three go first,†Stefan added. â€Å"And quick.† â€Å"I’l turn the key,†Meredith told Matt. â€Å"You take care of Mrs. Flowers.† Just then Elena thought of something that she didn’t want to say aloud, only to Stefan. But she and he were physical y so close, she knew he would pick it up. Saber! she thought to Stefan. We can’t leave him to these malach! We won’t, she heard Stefan’s voice in her head say. I showed him the way to Matt’s house, and told him to go there and take Talon and protect the people who will be coming. At the same time Matt was saying, â€Å"Oh, my God! Saber! He saved my life – I can’t just leave him.† â€Å"Already taken care of,†Stefan reassured him and Elena patted him on the back. â€Å"He’l be at your house in a little while, and if you go somewhere else he’l track you.† Elena turned her pats into gentle pushes. â€Å"Be good!† â€Å"Matt Honeycutt’s bedroom in Fel ‘s Church,†Meredith said, thrusting the key at the door handle, and opening the door. She and Mrs. Flowers and Matt al stepped forward. The door shut. Stefan turned to Elena. â€Å"I’m going first,†he said flatly. â€Å"But I’m holding on to you. I’m not going to let you go.† â€Å"Never let me go, never let me go,†Elena whispered in an imitation of Misao’s â€Å"Have nightmares.†Then she had a thought. â€Å"Slave bracelets!† â€Å"What?†Stefan said. Then, â€Å"Oh, I remember, you told me. But what are they supposed to look like?† â€Å"Like any two bracelets, matching if possible.†Elena was scrambling around the back of the room, where furniture was piled up, opening drawers, closing them. â€Å"Come on, bracelets! Come on! This house is supposed to have everything!† â€Å"What about these things you wear in your hair?†Stefan asked. Elena looked back and he tossed her a bag of soft cotton ponytail holders. â€Å"You’re a genius! They won’t even hurt my wrists. And here are two white ones so they’l match!†Elena said happily. They arranged themselves in front of the door, with Stefan to Elena’s left so he could see what was out there before they stepped in. He also had a firm grip on Elena’s left arm. â€Å"Wherever our friend Bonnie McCul ough is,†Stefan said, and thrust the key into the lockless door handle, turning it. Then, after giving Elena the key, he gingerly opened the door. Elena wasn’t sure what she was expecting. A blaze of light maybe, as they traveled through dimensions. Some kind of spiraling tunnel, or shooting stars. At least a feeling of motion. What she got was steam. It soaked through her T-shirt and dampened her hair. And then she got noise. â€Å"Elena! Eleeeeeeeeeeeeeeena! You’re here! â€Å" Elena recognized the voice but couldn’t locate the screamer in the steam. Then she saw an immense bathtub made of tiles of malachite, and a frightened-looking girl tending a charcoal fire at the bath’s foot, while two other young attendants holding scrubbing brushes and pumice stones cowered against the other wal . And in the bath was Bonnie! It was obvious that the tub was very deep, because Bonnie wasn’t able to touch bottom in the middle but she was half-leaping out of the water like a foam-covered dolphin over and over to attract attention. â€Å"There you are,†gasped Elena. She dropped to her knees on a thick, soft blue rug. Bonnie made a spectacular leap and just for a moment Elena could feel a smal soapy, sudsy body in her arms. Then Bonnie went down again and came up laughing. â€Å"And is that Stefan? It’s Stefan! Stefan, hello! Helloooo! â€Å" Stefan glanced back, as if trying to assess the suds situation. He seemed satisfied with it, turned slightly, and waved. â€Å"Hey, Bonnie?†he asked, voice muffled by the sounds of continual splashing. â€Å"Where are we?† â€Å"It’s Lady Ulma’s house! You’re safe – you’re al safe!†She turned a smal hopeful face to Elena. â€Å"Where’s Meredith?† Elena shook her head, thinking of al the things about Meredith that Bonnie didn’t know yet. Well, she decided, this wasn’t the time to mention them. â€Å"She had to stay behind, to protect Fel ‘s Church.† â€Å"Oh,†Bonnie looked down, troubled. â€Å"Stillbad, is it?† â€Å"You wouldn’t believe it. Real y; it’s – indescribable. That’s where Matt and Mrs. Flowers and Meredith are. I’m sorry.† â€Å"No, I’m just so glad to see you! Oh my God, but you’re hurt.†She was looking at the smal tooth wounds on Elena’s arm, and the blood on her torn T-shirt. â€Å"I’l get out and – hey, no, you get in! There’s plenty of room; plenty of hot water, and†¦ plenty of clothes! Lady Ulma even designed some for us, for ‘when we came back’!† Elena, smiling reassuringly at the bath girls, was already stripping as fast as she could. The tub, which was big enough for six to swim in, looked too luxurious to miss and, she reasoned, it made sense to be clean when you greeted your hostess. â€Å"Go have fun,†she shouted to Stefan. â€Å"Is Damon here?†she added in a whispered aside to Bonnie, who nodded. â€Å"Damon’s here, too,†Elena caroled. â€Å"If you find Lady Ulma, tel her Elena’s coming, but she’s getting washed up first.†She didn’t actual y dive into the pearl pink steaming water, but she got onto the second step down and let herself slide from there. Instantly, she was immersed in delicious heat that seeped straight into her body, pul ing some magic string that relaxed al her muscles at once. Perfumes suffused the air. She flung her wet hair back and saw Bonnie laughing at her. â€Å"So you got out of your hole and you’ve been here wal owing in luxury while we’ve been worried sick?†Elena couldn’t help but hear the way her voice went up at the end, making it a question. â€Å"No, I got picked up by some people, and – â€Å"Bonnie broke off. â€Å"Well†¦the first few days were tough, but never mind. Thank God we got to Lady Ulma’s in the end. Want a bath brush? Some soap that smel s just like roses?† Elena was looking at Bonnie with slightly narrowed eyes. She knew that Bonnie would do just about anything for Damon. That included covering up for him. Delicately, al the while enjoying the brushes and unguents and many kinds of soaps laid out on a shelf for easy reach, she began an inquisition. Stefan got out of the steamy room before he was soaking wet. Bonnie was safe and Elena was happy. He found he had stepped into another room, in which were a number of couches made of some soft spongy material. For drying? Massage? Who knew? The next room he entered had gas lanterns that were turned high enough to rival electrical light. Here were three more couches – he had no idea what for – a ful -length silvered-glass mirror, and smal er mirrors in front of chairs. Obviously a place for makeup and beautifying. This last room opened onto a hal way. Stefan stepped out and hesitated, spreading delicate tendrils of Power in different directions, hoping to find Damon before Damon noticed his presence in the estate. The Master Key had proved that it could overcome the fact that he hadn’t been invited here. That meant that maybe he could†¦ At that moment he got a hit, and withdrew his probe immediately, startled. He stared down the long corridor. He could actual y see Damon, pacing in the room at the end, talking to someone Stefan couldn’t see behind the door. Stefan crept very quietly down the hal way, stalking. He made it to the door without his brother even noticing, and there he saw that the person Damon was talking to was a woman wearing what looked like buckskin breeches and shirt, who had weathered skin, and a general aura of being more at home outside civilization than inside it. Damon was saying, â€Å"Make sure there are enough warm clothes for the girl. She’s not exactly hardy, you know – â€Å" â€Å"Then where are you taking her – and why?†Stefan asked, leaning against the doorjamb. He had the good fortune to once – just this once – take Damon unaware. His brother glanced up, and then jerked like a startled cat. It was priceless to watch Damon scrambling for a mask until he decided on the fa?ade of absent amiability. Stefan guessed that no one had ever put so much effort into walking over to a desk chair, sitting down, and forcing himself to lounge. â€Å"Well, well! Little brother! You dropped in for a visit! How†¦ nice. What a pity, though, that I’m practical y running out the door on a journey, and there’s no room for you.† At this point the weather-beaten woman who had been taking notes – and who had risen when Stefan entered the room – spoke up. â€Å"Oh, no, my lord. The thurgs won’t mind the extra weight of this gentleman. They probably won’t notice it. If his baggage can be ready by tomorrow you can start out in the early morning just as you planned.† Damon gave her his best â€Å"shut up or die†glare. She shut up. Through clenched teeth, Damon managed to say, â€Å"This is Pelat. She’s the coordinator of our little expedition. Hel o, Pelat. Good-bye, Pelat. You may go.† â€Å"As you wish, my lord.† Pelat bowed and left. â€Å"Aren’t you taking this ‘my lord’thing a bit too seriously?†Stefan asked. â€Å"And what is that costume you’re wearing?† â€Å"It’s the uniform of the captain of the guard of Madame le Princess Jessalyn D’Aubigne,†Damon said coldly. â€Å"You got a job?† â€Å"It was a position.†Damon bared his teeth. â€Å"And it’s none of your business.† â€Å"Got your canines back, too, I see.† â€Å"And that’s none of your business either. But if you want me to knock you out and trample over your undead body, I’l be delighted to oblige.† Something was wrong, Stefan thought. Damon should be through the taunting phase and be actual y trampling on him by now. It only made sense if†¦ â€Å"I’ve already spoken to Bonnie,†he said. And so he had, to ask where he was. But to a guilty mind, apparent foreknowledge often worked wonders. And Damon hastily said exactly what Stefan hoped he wouldn’t. â€Å"I can explain!† â€Å"Oh, God,†Stefan said. â€Å"If she’d just done as I told her – â€Å" â€Å"While you were off becoming a princess’s captain of the guard? And she was – where?† â€Å"She was safe, at least! But, no, she had to go out into the street and then to that shop – â€Å" â€Å"Shocking! She actual y walked in the street?† Damon ground his teeth. â€Å"You don’t know how it is around here – or how the slave trade works. Every day – â€Å" Stefan slammed both hands on the desk, now truly angry. â€Å"She was picked up by slavers? While you were sleazing around with a princess?† â€Å"Princess Jessalyn does not sleaze,†Damon replied icily. â€Å"Nor do I. And anyway it al turned out to be a good thing because now we know where the Seven Kitsune Treasures are.† â€Å"What treasures? And who cares about treasures when there’s a town being destroyed by kitsune?† Damon opened his mouth, shut it, then looked narrowly at Stefan. â€Å"You said that you’d talked to Bonnie about al this.† â€Å"I did talk to Bonnie,†Stefan said flatly. â€Å"I said hel o.† Damon’s dark eyes flared. For a moment Stefan thought he was going to snarl or start a fight. But then, through clenched teeth, he said, â€Å"It’s al for the damned town, don’t you see that? Those treasures include the largest star bal ever to be fil ed with Power. And that Power may be enough to save Fel ‘s Church. At least to stop its total annihilation. Maybe to even clear out every malach that exists and destroy Shinichi and Misao with a single blow. Is that noble enough for you, little brother? Is it reason enough?† â€Å"But taking Bonnie – â€Å" â€Å"You stay with her here if you like! Spend your lives here! I might mention that without her I would never have been able to set up an expedition, and that she’s determined to go. Besides, we’re not coming back this way. There has to be an easier route from the Gatehouse to Earth. We wouldn’t survive coming back, so you’d better hope like hel that there is one.† Stefan was surprised. He had never heard his brother speak with such passion about anything that involved humans. He was about to reply, when behind him there came a scream of pure, unadulterated rage. It was frightening – and worrying, too, because Stefan would recognize that voice anywhere, anytime. It was Elena’s. How to cite The Return: Midnight Chapter 26, Essay examples

Strong Vs Weak Affirmative Action Essay Example For Students

Strong Vs Weak Affirmative Action Essay Politics is assuming command of the American economy in the form of pervasive equalopportunity enforcement. In todays society, everyone is supposed to be equal and have equalrights, but in employment, there is more discrimination than ever. American citizens need to doaway with affirmative action so that Americas job opportunities can once again be based onmerit, not skin color or ethnicity. Laws have been passed, quotas have been established, andseemingly, everything has been done to prevent discrimination, but rather than endingdiscrimination, these new laws and quotas have begun to discriminate against a new group ofpeoplethe qualified white male. America is known as the land of opportunity. The generaltheory is that if you work hard enough and you are the most qualified person to receive a job,you get it, but that is no longer the case. Now, in order to be employed, qualifications do notalways matter as much as the color of a persons skin or his ethnicity. We will write a custom essay on Strong Vs Weak Affirmative Action specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In dealing with this subject, the first question that is always asked is, What is wrong withquotas? What is wrong with companies hiring a variety of blacks, Hispanics, women, and whitemales? The problem is not with hiring a variety of people from different ethnic groups. Theproblem begins when the person who is best qualified for a job, loses the position to someoneless qualified. More and more, white males are having problems finding jobs because they arenot black or Hispanic or do not have breasts. Affirmative action, which is action in the formof quotas and special treatment for protected classes, has resulted in a politicized hiringprocess in which white males are openly discriminated against. A 1984 poll found that one inevery ten white males lost a promotion because of quotas. They have become invisible victimsbecause the idea of merit hiring has been subverted by politicized hiring, and that has leftthe white males no way to defend themselves against this open discrimination. Some have triedto defend themselves, but litigation proved expensive, exhausting, chancy, and immensely timeconsuming. One case remains unsettled after more than six years in litigation. (Brimelow,Many voices say that quotas are used to right the past wrongs when so many minority groups werediscriminated against, but even immigrants, if they belong to one of the protected classes areeligible for quota preferences. Leslie Spencer and Peter Brimelow, sociological researchers whohave thoroughly researched the quota system, said that since immigrants can also receive quotapreferences, it is a pretty clear indication that quotas are not about righting past wrong,but about political power. (n. pag.) Just as socialism has collapsed around the globe, theleading capitalist power has adapted a peculiarly American form of Neosocialism puttingpolitics (and lawyers) in command of its workplace albeit on the pretext of equality ratherthan efficiency. This problem is only becoming worse because Am erica has the most far reachingequal employment laws found anywhere in the world. (Counting Costs)Many companies are afraid of these laws, and the fear of political punishment makes quotas veryhard to research. A Kmart executive told a researcher, Were not letting you anywhere near ourprogram. (Brimelow 77) Companies go beyond what is required just to avoid legal trouble. Themanager of corporate employment status at Xerox, a company that uses quotas, states, We have aprocess that we call balanced work force. In Xerox, everyone understands that, and it ismeasurable by its goals and relative numbers. That is the hard business, that is what people donot like to deal with, but we do it all the time. (Brimelow and Spencer n. pag.) Sears,Roebuck and Co. spent fifteen years and twenty million dollars to defeat an EECO discriminationsuit. Sears prevailed mainly because they were able to show proof of a voluntary quota program. .u16f01475a4d36e16a74aed8b595c9281 , .u16f01475a4d36e16a74aed8b595c9281 .postImageUrl , .u16f01475a4d36e16a74aed8b595c9281 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u16f01475a4d36e16a74aed8b595c9281 , .u16f01475a4d36e16a74aed8b595c9281:hover , .u16f01475a4d36e16a74aed8b595c9281:visited , .u16f01475a4d36e16a74aed8b595c9281:active { border:0!important; } .u16f01475a4d36e16a74aed8b595c9281 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u16f01475a4d36e16a74aed8b595c9281 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u16f01475a4d36e16a74aed8b595c9281:active , .u16f01475a4d36e16a74aed8b595c9281:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u16f01475a4d36e16a74aed8b595c9281 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u16f01475a4d36e16a74aed8b595c9281 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u16f01475a4d36e16a74aed8b595c9281 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u16f01475a4d36e16a74aed8b595c9281 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u16f01475a4d36e16a74aed8b595c9281:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u16f01475a4d36e16a74aed8b595c9281 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u16f01475a4d36e16a74aed8b595c9281 .u16f01475a4d36e16a74aed8b595c9281-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u16f01475a4d36e16a74aed8b595c9281:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: This is not really a paper. i would just like to g EssayMany companies cling to programs such as these as a future defense in court even if it meansputting up with some unqualified or incompetent workers. (Brimelow 77)Not only is affirmative action hurting white males, it is also causing problems among theprotected classes that it is supposed to be helping. Many of these people feel that it is aninsult that the government thinks they need special help to compete in the job market. Yetothers would be extremely offended if this help was taken away from them. Black Police ChiefClarence Harmon was once in favor of affirmative action until he realized the affect that ithas on h is race. He has said that when he was going through school, he enjoyed competing andkeeping up with his white counterparts, but he now realizes that many times in the policeacademy black students use affirmative action as a crutch. Black students have been found toscore lower on tests than white students. Harmon believes that this is because they do notthink that they have to work as hard which produces less qualified black officers. (GlastrisKarl Marx insisted that for any sort of class consciousness to arise, there must becom-munication of a common sense of oppression, but no one can feel this sense of oppression. With the mass media rarely recognizing quotas, much less portraying white malessympathetically, Peter Lynch, a sociological researcher, states White males have been easilyand silently victimized one by one. (qtd. in Brimelow) With neither conservatives nor liberalsmaking affirmative action a big deal, a classic spiral of silence has occurred whereby peopleassume that their doubts are not shared and suppress them, thus mutually intimidating eachother. People are left feeling that nobody will help them. Another problem with this is themale psychology that real men dont cry. Many men would rather put up with the hurt than toeven tell their friends and relatives. (Brimelow 76)Most people realize that quotas do hurt people, but what most people do not realize is thatquotas are illegal. The 1964 and 1991 Civil Rights Acts explicitly banned government imposedquotas, but nevertheless, they immediately spread though the economy. Even though quotas arebecoming more and more popular, there is i ncredible denial. Some say that affirmative action,while a regulatory burden, is not massive in scale. Supporters of affirmative action insistthat the 1991 Civil Rights Act did not impose quotas, although its key point was to override aSupreme Court decision and make work force racial imbalance prima facie evidence of employerdiscrimination. (Spencer and Brimelow n. pag.)California Democratic Representative Don Edwards, who is a mouthpiece of the civil rightsestablishment, claimed on the New York Times opinion page that quotas did not exist. This wassaid within three weeks of Supreme Court rulings about them. As much as people deny quotas anddeny widespread affirmative action, the facts remain that it is still there and still harmful. Another way that quotas and affirmative action are very harmful is that they are veryexpensive. In 1991, the direct and indirect cost of quotas, of imposing them and complying withthem, amounted to between 112 and 115 billion dollars. The opportunity cost, which is whatthe economy might have achieved without the misallocative affect of quotas, amounted to atleast 4% of the 1991 Gross National Product, an amount equal to the amount spent on publicschools. (Spencer and Brimelow n. pag.) The revelation of these figures is needed to show thedangers of a politically motivated employment policy. Affirmative action hurts everyonewhite males, their wives, their families, the protectedclasses, and every other American citizen by hurting the economy. Affirmative action needs tobe done away with, so we can return America to the great country that she once was. People oncecame to America to be free to work hard to become qualified for a job. Will people now comebecause their skin color will help them receive a job? Martin Luther King said that he wouldlike to see the day when his children are not judged because of their color, but because of thecontent of their character. (Brimelow 76) Every time affirmative action is put into use, ourcountry is taking another step away from that worthy goal. .uef08a48cebe1c4047eed644e9cbf7e29 , .uef08a48cebe1c4047eed644e9cbf7e29 .postImageUrl , .uef08a48cebe1c4047eed644e9cbf7e29 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uef08a48cebe1c4047eed644e9cbf7e29 , .uef08a48cebe1c4047eed644e9cbf7e29:hover , .uef08a48cebe1c4047eed644e9cbf7e29:visited , .uef08a48cebe1c4047eed644e9cbf7e29:active { border:0!important; } .uef08a48cebe1c4047eed644e9cbf7e29 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uef08a48cebe1c4047eed644e9cbf7e29 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uef08a48cebe1c4047eed644e9cbf7e29:active , .uef08a48cebe1c4047eed644e9cbf7e29:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uef08a48cebe1c4047eed644e9cbf7e29 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uef08a48cebe1c4047eed644e9cbf7e29 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uef08a48cebe1c4047eed644e9cbf7e29 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uef08a48cebe1c4047eed644e9cbf7e29 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uef08a48cebe1c4047eed644e9cbf7e29:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uef08a48cebe1c4047eed644e9cbf7e29 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uef08a48cebe1c4047eed644e9cbf7e29 .uef08a48cebe1c4047eed644e9cbf7e29-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uef08a48cebe1c4047eed644e9cbf7e29:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Miss massey EssayBrimelow, Peter. Spiral of Silence. Forbes 25 May 1992: 76-77. Brimelow, Peter and Spencer, Leslie. When Quotas Replace Merit, Everybody Suffers. Forbes. 15Counting Costs. Editorial. National Review 15 February 1993: 18. Glastris, Paul. Black and Blue. U.S. News and World Report. 13 February 1995: 43-46. Bibliography:

Nursing Professions Essay Example

Nursing Professions Essay Example Nursing Professions Paper Nursing Professions Paper The nursing field extends many opportunities to be a very important part of the health care team. Nursing involves direct patient contact and varied skills and abilities. A nurse has a unique opportunity to ensure that they care for a patients comforts and needs, and can make a difference in every patients life. Various challenging opportunities are available under the broad category of nursing. A wide range of career opportunities is open to registered nurses. Many nurses choose to specialize once within the field of nursing. One specialized field that nurses can go into is nurse anesthesia. As anesthesia specialists, certified registered nurse anesthetists administer more than 65% of the twenty-six million anesthetics given to patients each year. They have licensed and certified registered nurse anesthetists in all fifty states. To become a nurse anesthetist, it is necessary to first become a registered nurse. There are four ways to become a registered nurse. It is possible through a two-year community college, earning an associates degree in nursing, or through a three-year hospital based nursing school, earning a diploma. Other possible ways include a four-year university program, resulting in a Bachelors of Science degree in nursing, or the B. S. N. , as it is commonly called. For those who have a bachelors degree in another subject, there is a generic masters degree in nursing, a two or a three-year program beyond the bachelors degree. In the future, the B. S. N. is being considered the minimum qualification for a satisfying career. The two-year associates degree and the hospital-based diploma programs are rapidly closing around the country, and student nurses are being encouraged to enroll in four-year universities. Nursing education includes classroom instruction and supervised clinical experience in hospitals and other health facilities. Students take courses in anatomy, physiology, microbiology, chemistry, nutrition, psychology, and other behavioral sciences, and nursing. Corse work also includes liberal arts classes. Hospital departments provide supervised clinical experience in pediatrics, psychiatry, maternity, and surgery. Several programs include clinical experience in nursing homes, public health departments, home health agencies, and ambulatory clinics. The nurse anesthetist is an essential part of the surgical team. They are highly skilled and highly educated specialists who, under the direction of a physician, administer anesthetics to patients for all types of surgery. The nurse anesthetist prepares for a medical procedure by setting up assigned operating rooms with necessary equipment and supplies, meeting with assigned patients, and by completing necessary preoperative procedures. Preoperative procedures may include administering medication, hooking up the patients IV, and connecting the patient to a life support system. When the patient goes into the operating room for their surgery, the CRNA administers either a general or local anesthetic to the patient. They also practice in the obstetrics department, with psychiatric patients, in the respiratory therapy department, the emergency room and in dental offices. Attention to vital signs and changes in the patients condition is one important function of the nurse anesthetist. This is a field in which the nurse-patient relationship is critically important. The CRNA has to apply physiologic and psychologic principles with sensitivity while also employing technical skills and theoretical knowledge. The nurse anesthesia programs range from twenty-four to thirty-six months in length and encompass an academic and clinical practicum on a college degree level. The classroom curriculum emphasizes anatomy, physiology, pathophysilolgy, biochemistry, chemistry, physics, and pharmacology as they relate to anesthesia. All programs must offer a Master of Science degree or higher beginning in 1998. All programs require a four-year college degree in science or nursing, and at least one year of acute car nursing experience before entry. Schools usually define acute care as intensive care, coronary care, and emergency/trauma care. Once a student has completed their educational work, the nurse is eligible to take a national certification examination and become a certified registered nurse anesthetist. Laws also require continuing education every two years for recertification. Nurse Anesthetists work with physicians, nurses, and other health care professionals in well-lighted, air-conditioned, and surgically clean surroundings. They wear a surgical gown, cap, and mask while administering the anesthetics. Nurse anesthetists may need to lift, move, and position patients receiving anesthetics. While they are administering the anesthetic, they may stand or sit in one position for long durations of time. Certified registered nurse anesthetists are very much in demand and have many opportunities throughout the united states. The demand will continue to be excellent through the year 2010. This occupation is one of a group of registered nurses estimated to grow more than 33 percent. Reflecting the amount of responsibility, nurse anesthetists are one of the best paid nursing specialities. The reported average salary in 1997 was approximately $86,000. The middle 50 percent earned between $74,700 and $90,300. An article in the September 21, 1992, issue of Fortune magazine included nurse anesthetists among the top 20% of income earners in America.

The Difference Between Avere and Tenere

The Difference Between Avere and Tenere Learning a new language is not only tough because there are thousands of new words to learn, but even tougher because those words often overlap in meaning. This is definitely the case with the two verbs in Italian - â€Å"tenere - to hold, to keep† and â€Å"avere - to have, to obtain, to hold†. What are the main differences? First, tenere is often understood as to keep or to hold, like to keep a window open, keep a secret or hold a baby. Avere is to understood as meaning, to have, in the sense of possession, like age, fear, or an iPhone. Second, tenere is used, more often in the south, particularly in Naples, in the place of avere, but grammatically, its incorrect. Meaning, even if you hear Tengo 27 anni or Tengo fame, its not grammatically correct. Here are some situations where choosing between avere and tenere might be tricky. Physical Possession 1.) To have/keep an item Ho una mela, ma voglio mangiare un’arancia. - I have an apple, but I want to eat an orange.Non ho una borsa che si abbina a/con questo vestito. - I don’t have a purse that matches this dress.Ho il nuovo iPhone. - I have a new iPhone. In the situation above, you couldnt use tenere as a substitute for avere. Tengo questo iPhone fino alluscita di quello nuovo. - Im keeping this iPhone until the new one comes out. 2.) To not have any money Non ho una lira. - I dont have any money. Here, you can use tenere, but avere is still preferred. Non tengo una lira. - I dont have any money. Non avere/tenere una lira is an expression that literally means, I dont have one lira. To Maintain a Situation 1.) Keep/have a secret È un segreto che tengo per Silvia, quindi non posso dirtelo. - Its a secret that Im keeping for Silvia, so I cant tell it to you. However, if you have a secret and youre not keeping a secret for anybody, you can just use avere. Ho un segreto. Ho un amante! - I have a secret. I have a lover! 2.) Have/keep in pockets Ha le mani in tasca. - He has his hands in his pockets. In this situation, both avere and tenere can be used. Tiene le mani in tasca. - He has (keeps) his hands in his pockets. 3.) Have/keep In mind Ti spiegherà ² quello che ho in mente. - Ill explain to you what I have in mind. In this context, avere and tenere can both be used although the sentence structure will change. Tieni in mente quello che ti ho detto ieri. – Keep in mind what I told you yesterday. To Hold Something 1.) Hold/have a baby in your arms Tiene in braccio un bimbo. Il bebà © ha sei mesi. - She is holding a baby in her arm. The baby is six months. In this situation, you can use avere interchangeably. Ha in braccio un bimbo. Il bebà © ha sei mesi. - She is holding a baby in her arm. The baby is six months. 2.) Have a bouquet of flowers Perchà © hai un mazzo di fiori? Hai molti spasimanti? - Why do you have a bouquet of flowers? Do you have a lot of admirers?Non posso rispondere perchà ¨ ho un mazzo di fiori in mano. - I can’t answer the phone because I’m holding a bouquet of flowers. Then, the person youre talking to might respond to you using the verb tenere. Rispondi, che te lo tengo io. - Answer, and I’ll hold it for you. 3.) Hold a bouquet with style La sposa tiene il bouquet con classe. - The bride holds the bouquet in her hands with style. In the example above, tenere is used to stress the way she holds the bouquet. To help make this easier, use tenere whenever you have something that youre physically holding in mano - in your hands or in braccio - in your arms. It can also be used in figurative expressions, as you saw tenere in mente, but since we would be likely to translate that as keep in mind, its easier to distinguish from avere. Avere, on the other hand, is used to talk about something you possess, either literally or figuratively. If you find yourself in conversation, and you cant think of which one is right to use, its best to ask yourself what the simplest meaning is.  For example, instead of saying, He had a change of heart, you can say, He changed his mind or â€Å"Ha cambiato idea†.

English Literature Lesson 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

English Literature Lesson 5 - Essay Example hen this culture is overtaken by a stronger or more dominant one while one of the worst, again in my opinion, is Kafka’s â€Å"Letter to His Father.† It is true that Nervous Conditions seems to be written by an immature writer unsure of just what she is trying to say, but this does not automatically disqualify it as having no literary merit. As the story of Tambu is related, the author allows the audience to relax into the character, get to know her from the inside out and to see the world through her eyes. This vision is limited and is presented as such in the novel, which some might view as a weakness, but I view as a strength. By presenting the world through the eyes of a young girl living through the experiences of a third world culture trying to assimilate itself into what they perceive as a more sophisticated and desirable culture, the surprises and observations she makes are very enlightening. The way in which the modern culture affects her family and her life is also illuminating whether one has actually grown up within the modern culture or is experiencing it for the first time. The insights offered, whether intentional or not, into the gender and cultural divide presented fill this novel with a great deal to think about and general issues that affect a great number of people regardless of their upbringing, social condition or experience. By contrast, I felt Kafka’s letter to his father was a work of considerably less quality because of its reduction in universal experience and sometimes confusing use of rhetoric. It is hard to blame Kafka for this failing as he wasn’t necessarily writing for the public but was instead making a bid for his father’s approval and understanding. The ideas contained within this work were not as accessible to the general public, some needing a bit of background information on the author in order to understand, and these ideas were continually being apologized for, which detracted from the piece to a great degree

Causes and effects of obesity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Causes and effects of obesity - Essay Example The modern life has become so mechanical that people find it hard to find time for cooking at home. Although the standard of living has improved in general, yet many people have to spend most of their day at the workplace in order to make both ends meet. In such a hectic routine, purchasing ingredients from the market and cooking food at home is not only a time consuming activity, but also proves far more expensive than a burger with coke and French fries at a nearby restaurant. Therefore, most of the working people opt for fast food. Fast food owners sell their business on the theme of upsizing. People do not realize but the fast food adds kilos of fat under their skin in no time. In addition to consuming junk food, people’s lack of tendency to exercise and work out regularly also makes them gain weight. Most people do not have a habit of going on a walk or doing exercise because it feels just too boring and tiresome to adopt as a habit. Whenever people find some time in the busy routine, an obvious choice is to watch a new movie or enjoy ice-cream at the nearest parlor. People eat not because they are feeling hungry. Instead, they eat because they want to kill the time in an enjoyable manner. Also, in the contemporary age, eating junk food has become more of a fashion than a hobby.

Government Roles in Supporting Parents

Government Roles in Supporting Parents Introduction The unborn child influences the family and the environment which he or she will be born. In the later stage of pregnancy, the mother may have to decrease works hours or give up in order to take rest more and even changing her diet and habits. After birth, the child unbelievably influences his or her parents behavior , change of sleeping and eating pattern with changed pattern of social interaction are common, specially for new parents. Reciprocally, the babys eating and sleeping pattern are influenced by his or her family and both affect and affected by the immediate environment in which he or she lives. Any developmental delay or ignore in early stage of childhood, may influences into behavior or mental development irretrievably, therefore problems should be recognized in early stage of life. Where children have a disability or special needs, it is important that these are identified at an early age stage and that identification leads to effective intervention and support for families and their children. Young children – special needs Infant and toddler have been adopted because it emphasizes the importance of relationship and interaction in the development of very young children. Governments and parents should facilitate the perception of infant and toddlers as active agents, shaping their environment as they interact with others. There is two way relationship and interaction between young childrens behavior and personality and their home and environment. It is important that governments have intensive consideration to children under four years of age that have disability or special needs. If she or he is experiencing significant developmental delays, in one or more of the areas of cognitive development, physical development, social or emotional development and adaptive development, he or she has a condition which has a high probability of resulting in developmental delay. Sure Start Sure Start is a government programme which aims to achieve better out comes for children, parents communities by: Increasing availability of child care for all children Improving health and emotional development for young children Supporting parents and community Sure start covers children before birth up to fourteen years old and if they need special education or have disabilities will be extended up to age sixteen. Their services bring free , early education and better child care with great support where there is a greater need by children tax credit, children centers, and local programme. These role should be move toward transforming the life chances of young children, particularly those with special needs and disability who lives in area of disadvantages. Effort must be made to ensure the services are designed to give child care for all children in all sectors but with special attention to the particular needs or individual families and children so they feel should support more than others. It doesnt mean that all of effort should be served for special group and forget the other population. The aims should be based on reducing family poverty and improve life style, family education and prevention of antisocial behaviors. Principles Working with parents and children They have to provide up to date information to parents when they need it , and is based on discussion held with parents about their information needs. All of families should get access to proper services that will deliver better outcome for both children and parents. Services for everyone( but not the same service for every one) The needs of families is different based on location, condition of families, religion, their ability and education, ethnic and economical condition. For instance; condition of children have Mental or Emotional problem is different from other children who have physical disability. Flexible at point of delivery The services should be provide an interest to access by arrangement of appropriate opening hours, suitable location and easy access to public transportation. The role of the carer must be extend beyond the day to day care of the child to providing support to other family members or significant other in child life. Where possible the government must provide health and family support services through a single point of contact. Starting very early (at the first antenatal visit) The child care and parents support should be begin from the first antenatal visit but I believe that have to support parents before pregnancy and give useful information and consultation about future pregnancy and complete evaluation about genetic problems, because this process will be more effective and economical than treatment and support after birth. The majority of serious childhood diseases is preventive by maternity support and early diagnosis and appropriate treatment procedures, Vaccination, proper diet and life style. This means not only advice on health in pregnancy but also support of parent for returning to work or starting to work. Respectful and transparent The services should be free in order to access everybody to proper services without any limitation. The most of families who need help and advice cant afford to pay child care, education, health and treatment in private services. Community driven and professionally coordinated We should invite all professionals with an interest in care and family support or medical care to take part in this programme and search any problem and evaluate families and children needs through consultation and speak face to face with parents and children. Outcome driven Sometimes a lot of bureaucracy makes delay in services and health care, because of that parent and children may be not given appropriate services on suitable time and location when they need. Inappropriate effort and delay lead to irreversible damage in families and children. Parental support Human relation ship and interactions are the critical factors in young childrens development. Storing attachments that are characterized by reciprocal activity enhance the young childrens responsiveness to his or her environment and influence the childrens motivation to explore, elaborate and manipulate. Increasingly it is recognized that the maintenance of primary attachment relationship depends on the availability and involvement of another adult or third person who active supports and encourage these relationships. How much time are the parents able to spend with their children during childhood? What stop parents from spending more time with their children? Certainly, childhood would have been different if the parents had stayed home and looked after their children. It is obvious that the most influential setting for almost all of children is the family environment and school. Parents who are under constant pressure from their employer to do overtime, may not have the time and emotional energy to encourage their childrens school work successfully or have a effective emotional support. They should be achieve more flexible work hours, which enable them to spend more time with their children. The parents must be prepared to enjoy and to show children how to enjoy -relationships. The role that parents play in to life of a child has a tremendous impact on their experience. Parents have a key role in the education, emotional development and behaviors. Parents support is the single most important factor in childrens success at her or his life especially in education because; the majority of childs week is spent in home. The childs ability to learn is influenced not only by the competence of the teacher but also by the quality of the relationship between the school and the home. Children have a right to continuing loving relationship with both parents and need to be protected from the harm of losing contact with one parent who has a unique contribution to make their children development. Parents can become involve in their childrens learning at home by helping them and encouraging them to attend in learning programme. Parents can take part in school trips and help the children gain as much information from the trip as possible. They should provide for their children a quiet place in which to work free distractions such as television, satellite, games. They have to provide all the equipment and resources necessary for doing homework effectively. Parents must give responsibility to child for doing something according her or his ability that help to improve childrens confidence. They should encourage their children to work independently but it would be helpful if they are available to help them with any difficulties. Support Parent The supporting parents was designed to raise awareness and provide information about their childrens needs such as educational problems, Mental or physical disabilities, emotional and etc. The parents are the fort line of learning programme , therefore, they should be supported in order to support their children by providing information and advice for those whose children have mental or physical problems. The parents should improve their awareness about mental and physical disabilities, medical and social problem from fort line health services such as GPs, teachers and others professionals. Every body can help to empower and support parents by listening to them and sharing information sensitively and honestly, using understandable language and giving explanation to build parents confidence, respecting and acknowledging cultural difference and providing the facility in order to access to services. The main supporting bodies are: Government support parents Family support parents Parents support parents The final aim of all effort and support is; providing safe and effective care for the education of childhood, protection from harm, gaining life chance benefits and arising out of disability or health condition in order to leaving care when the children enter adulthood. 1. Government support The Government support is a wide spectrum of support that subdivided in many fields that I will argue about economical, education, treatment and support team. Economical and Work support Poverty- is associated with lone parenthood because of low benefits, lack of child care, education and low pay amongst woman. Similarly, problems of drug abuse and rising crime are generated by complex factors, including poverty and lack of opportunity in community and support. These problems can impose a great pressure on families and their children. In one hand generally, the relationship between growth of income of the poor and overall economic growth is one to one. That finding suggests that policies which are good for growth will be good for the poor. On the other hand, it is possible that growth from different sources has differential impact on the poor and distance between poor and rich would be greater than before which can effect on families inspect and relationship. Maternity leave and paternity leave- Maternity leave is the time a mother takes off from work at the birth or adoption of a child. Mothers are entitled to take time off for antenatal care. This may be medical appointments or relaxation and parent craft classes made on the advice of registered medical practitioner or midwife. Father who qualified for paternity leave can take time off to be with their new child and offer support to the mother when the child arrives. They can choose whether to take one or two consecutive weeks paternity leave. Proposed new regulations relating to maternity and paternity leave are sure to cause problems for some smaller businesses. Whereas larger organisations can usually provide cover internally when a mother or father is on leave, it is often much more difficult for the smaller firm, which often has no such cover internally. Flexible working and return to work- flexible working means a negotiation between the employer and the individual about their needs to determine the pattern that helps them both. Flexible working arrangement can help parents combine work and bringing up their children. Some parents want to work part time, some one interest in working from home or perhaps on particular days of the week. Flexible working can also help employers meet the increasing demand from their customers for out of hours services. Many business offer flexible working, but this is depending on individual manager and company policy. Government should provide priority for people that enable to work flexibility and return to work or start new compatible work after maternity leave. Education and child care Any number of activities will help young children learn, from singing nursing and playing number games, to reading or talking with them and everything to encourage their curiosity and love of learning. They have to develop evidence of the best practice to help early education and child care. Indeed, providers and their stuff work well with parents and professionals to whom they entrust their children. They have to provide safe and effective care for the education of children whom should be protected from emotional, physical, sexual abuse and other significant harm. Special needs and disabilities in childhood can put extra strain on families and may create additional needs such as additional cost of supporting a child with special needs or disability, provide suitable and affordable child care and education meanwhile we should not miss providing suitable housing, housing adaptation and accessing local community facilities such as transport child care and leisure services. Education and Child care option include: Day nurseries-that provide care for children from birth to four or five and beyond, often integrated with early education and other services. Pre-schools and play groups, provide play time and often early education to under five years old and can prevent from emotional and significant harm. Toddler groups- group of parents that meet locally with their children on regular basis, usually included children who are under five years old. Children clubs is define as out of school, offer children aged four to twelve a safe and stimulating environment which children can play and learn effectively outside school time (learn and fun). Treatment and care procedure- The fort line of health and social care is treatment intervention with specialized professionals and medical stuff (Doctors, nurses, psychologist, etc). First intervention in support programme is treatment of physical disabilities of parents and children with specialized team. Further more, intensive care and attention in pre-maternity and maternity period is essential. Increasingly, the professionals find themselves working not only with individual children but also with parents and sibling. Parents who have physical or sensory impairments, long term illness, learning difficulties, mental health problem or combination of them can not afford to spend effective time with their children and take part in teaching programme. Emotional disturbance and educational difficulties often can be fully understood and effectively addressed within a family. Family support parents Family support is a term covering enormous number and diversity of needs. Families caring for children with special needs or disability have the same range of feeling and hope for their children as all other families whose children are well. Some parents are very private who do not feel comfortable sharing their deepest feeling with strangers. It is important to be able to talk to some one that is the best one of family members. Traditional family support systems are sufficient and very helpful and comfortable. These families are fortunate because they help effectively and make a warm relation ship with together. Traditional families have a good relationship with parents , siblings and grandparents or other near relative family that they truly understand other member. Family support not only can reduce family poverty, crime and antisocial behavior and prevent deterioration but also can improve educational attainment, civic responsibility and quality and accessibility of suitable services. Parents support parents The parents are the best source of supporting for parents. They access a wealth of information from past and present experiences and have an understanding of the difficulties and problems than can occur when raising a child with special needs. They have a good sympathy with each others and they truly rely to the information and experiences of other parents. Through all that has happened to all of them, they have become educated and have learned things that never imagined learning. Conclusion Effective early intervention and support can produce improvement in childrens health, social and cognitive development. It strengthens the ability of family to provided effective support for their children and improves out comes for the whole family. All programme should base on providing safe and effective care for the education, protecting from physical emotional and sexual abuse. The government has to improve economical condition and provide trained, qualified and appropriate medical stuff and social workers. The support plan has to lead to leaving care by young people when they enter adulthood and wouldnt isolate and participate socially and live independent. The children with specific medical or social needs should arise out of disability or health condition and be able to live in family or other appropriate setting in the community. The children in need should gain life chance benefits from educational opportunity, entertainment programme, health and social care. The parents community should be improved in order to support effectively and share their information and experiences. The family structure must empower to provide warm and comfortable environment for support members of family. An important part of support is the establishment of effective channels for communication, a willingness to find a compromise and the development of trust between family members and Government or child care stuff.

Digital Divide Essay

The term digital divide emerged in the mid-1990’s to describe the gap that exists between individuals who have access to technology and those that do not have access (Eamon, 2004). Computer technology has transformed modern society in profound ways (Behrman & Shields, 2000). Everyday society exposes citizens to technology in some form. Citizens integrate technology into common tasks such as signing into work, paying bills, shopping, paying taxes, and even reading the local newspaper (Behrman & Shields, 2000). The increasing integration of technology into society cause school systems to be more resolute about including technology in every classroom. School leaders generally agree that access to technology prepares students to succeed in the 21st century (Bell, Judge, & Puckett, 2006). Other researchers point out that increasing access to technology in the classroom environment does not ensure academic improvement. These researchers point out that there are limits to the advantages that technology offers. A meta-analysis by Crismann, Badgert and Lucking (1997) involving 27 studies concerning academic achievement of students who received traditional classroom instruction or traditional classroom instruction with technology integration showed interesting results. On average, students receiving technology infused instruction attained higher academic achievement than 58. 2 percent of those in traditional classrooms (Page, 2002). The digital divide addresses societal differences that correlate to the educational outcomes of students. Such differences raised concerns about the emergence of the digital divide between the children on one side who are benefiting from technology and the children on the other side who the lack of technology access leaves behind (Becker, 2000). Key Terms and Definitions 1. Application – computer software; also called a program 2. Broadband – a type of data transmission in which a single wire can carry several channels at once. Broadband technology can transmit data, audio, and video all at once over long distances. 3. Chat – real time, text-based communication in a virtual environment 4. Digital Divide – the gap between those with regular, effective access to digital technologies and those without 5. Digital Technology – machinery and computer equipment used for practical and informative purposes 6. Learning Portal – any web site that offers learners and organizations consolidated access to learning and training resources from multiple sources 7. Multimedia – interactive text, images, sounds, and color 8. Network – two or more computers that are connected so users can share files and devices 9. Online – a computer communicating with another computer 10. World Wide Web (www) – a graphical Internet tool that provides access to homepages created by individuals, businesses, and other organizations Statement of Hypothesis Researchers define the digital divide as discrepancies in technology use and access in learning environments based on ethnicity and socioeconomic status (Pearson & Swain, 2002). School systems and government programs supply technology equipment and software to United States’ schools in effort to close the digital divide. Nearly every school is now equipped with computers, and over two-thirds of our nation’s children have access at home (Shields & Behrman, 2000). Equal access and supply cannot close the digital divide alone. Teachers need adequate training on selection of technology and integration of technology. Teachers, parents, and students must become technology literate in order to close the digital divide. Review of Literature Advantages of Technology and Academic Performance The digital divide influences academic performance because limited student access to technology minimizes experiences and knowledge necessary to succeed academically. Computer based technology contributes to children’s academic achievement. Researchers associate having a home computer to better academic performance (Jackson et al. , 2006). Schools play a critical role in providing access to computers to students who do not have home computers. Teachers can have a profound effect on the digital divide by carefully examining how and when technology use is necessary. Regular use of technology in the classroom directly contributes to student achievement, both by making students more effective in their learning and teachers more efficient in their teaching. Teacher education should not focus on technology alone, but on its alignment with the curriculum. In order for this alignment with the curriculum to take place, more computers must be available for students use. Technology integrated into the curriculum increases students’ time on task and extends learning into the home, beyond the traditional school day (Shield & Behrman, 2000). Classrooms benefit from the advantages of technology if planning is efficient and effective for a particular group of students. Students must understand that the use of technology within lessons supports productivity. Technology is a tool that students use for learning, research, networking, collaboration, telecommunications, and problem solving. Technology lessons must be meaningful and engaging for students to improve academic performance. Teachers are able to shift student learning from memorizing answers to questions to knowing how to find answers. Activities that encourage students to use technology outside of the classroom such as using the technology lab, school media center, or local public library prepare students for future educational experiences. Using technology for academic tasks plays a positive role in student achievement (Wenglinsky, 2005). If students participate in authentic technology enhanced activities on a regular basis, these activities will offer students the support they need to become learners that are more proficient and possibly narrow the divide. Limitations of Technology and Academic Performance The level and quality of the student interactions with technology can limit the academic advantages that technology offers. Students must be able to use computers for more than web-surfing, chatting, game playing, and participating in low-level thinking activities. Student interactions with computers must be quality interactions that allow students to do research and create original multimedia products. Although 99% of public classrooms have access to computers, many students are not meeting the technology standards set by the National Educational Technology Standards (Morgan & VanLengen, 2005). While technology exposes students to activities that allow them to use higher order thinking and problem solving techniques, they still prefer to engage in non-academic activities on the Internet. Becker (2000) states that â€Å"most student Internet activities were recreational in nature – such as email, chat rooms, web-based games, web surfing, and listening to music†. Many children’s activities on the Internet appear to be for entertainment purposes instead of educational purposes. While the Internet gives students access to an array of educational tools, it also gives them access to non-academic material. Teachers often have trouble monitoring student use of appropriate websites, electronic mail messages, instant messages, and live chat rooms. Without careful observation, students can easily use school time to access material that is inappropriate for children and will not improve academic improvement. Even if teachers properly monitor students, they may not benefit from having access to computers in the classroom. Research by Lilia C. DiBello (2005) states that many teachers have not been properly trained to integrate technology in the classroom. While teachers may be comfortable with navigating various types of software, they often have trouble implementing the technology to meet technology standards (DiBello, 2005). Teacher preparation programs now require future teachers to take a technology course as a graduation requirement. However, technology is rapidly changing and school systems offer few opportunities that allow teachers to keep up with the changes modern technology brings. When teachers are not willing and not prepared to integrate technology into their classrooms, they often fail to prepare students to perform authentic tasks using the computers. Teachers often use computers for low-level thinking activities such as drill and practice (Pearson & Swain, 2002). According to Pearson and Swain (2002), students in high-poverty schools use computers for drill and practice 35% of the time, as opposed to students in low-poverty schools, who used computers for drill and practice 26% of the time. Schools who are below the poverty line are also more often to use computers for remedial purposes instead of higher order thinking skills. Teachers rarely teach students to use the computers to answers questions that they ask, research topics, or to prepare multimedia projects that coincide with the subjects they have learned in the classroom. Importance of Closing the Divide The digital divide exists both quantitatively and qualitatively. Gillan (2003) supported that quantitative gaps exist in schools and families where there is not enough access or time spent with technology. Qualitative gaps refer to selection of appropriate applications and quality training. Many studies have drawn the conclusion that the key factor in closing the digital divide may not be access alone. As years have passed, attention moved away from who is connected to the question of who is served. It is important to consider that the upper-to-middle classes are given high-quality access to technology because technologists are hard at work creating â€Å"solutions† designed just for them. According to Morgan and VanLengen (2005), most affluent students use software that requires the use of critical thinking skill. Less affluent students predominately use drill and practice software. Many school officials feel that technologists ignore solutions for the poor. The result is often that schools give the poor low-quality access that could actually hurt them and, in some sense, widen the divide. Because of the continued influences of technology on society, the United States must address the digital divide and implement strategies to narrow the gap. It is imperative to focus on what can be done if needs cannot be met. Students that are technology savvy have significant advantages over their peers. Students with limited technology skills will not have the same educational or job opportunities and information that will be necessary for full and knowledgeable participation in society. Leaders should not subject students to the wrong side of the digital divide just because computer access at home is limited or none. It is the responsibility of the schools and communities to help narrow the gap. The schools are the primary source of computer access. Schools can promote digital equity for young children by including access to computer resources used in developmentally appropriate ways (Judge, 2005). The digital divide has consequences that extend beyond the school. If the digital divide was only a matter of unequal access to equipment, closing it would simply involve duplicating the resources of wealthy schools in poorer schools (Riel, Schwartz, & Hitt, 2002). Educators need to learn the basics of information literacy: searching, evaluating materials for quality, risk assessment, and equally important privacy protection. These skills go beyond online behavior to include mass media and everyday communications. Conclusion It is the job of educators to plan technology-integrated lessons that are appropriate for the particular group they are teaching. Educators must have knowledge and skills to integrate technology into meaningful activities of interest and relevance to children. Educators need to be aware of the advantages and the limitations of technology for all students. The primary key to closing the digital divide is investment in literacy and education. The biggest barrier to use of digital technology is lack of skills. It is possible that the next generation of the World Wide Web, referred to as Internet, emphasizes the need to go beyond text to give users a sensory experience of the web. Some governments are exploring the use of cell phones, and applications like voice recognition technology or use of visual icons on various devices. The implications for closing the digital divide are important to society. Closing the digital divide will offer educational advantages, future employment and earning opportunities, chance for social and civic involvement, equity, and civil rights for all.